Free OMSB OMSB_OEN Practice Exam with Questions & Answers | Set: 3

A cohort study involves following a group of people who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined period to determine how certain exposures affect outcomes over time. In this scenario, the researcher is following a population of a similar age group over time to observe the incidence of a specific disease. This longitudinal approach helps to identify the relationship between exposure and the development of the disease, making it a cohort study.

Definition of Emphysema:

Emphysema is a chronic lung condition characterized by the destruction of the alveoli (air sacs) walls. This leads to reduced surface area for gas exchange and difficulty in breathing.

It is a major component of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Differentiation from Other Conditions:

Asthma:A condition where the airways become inflamed and narrowed.

Bronchitis:Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often resulting in cough and mucus production.

Bronchiolitis:Inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles), commonly seen in children.

References:

American Lung Association (ALA)

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)

Motivating Nurses and Teamwork:

Recognizing and appreciating the efforts of nurses is crucial for maintaining morale and encouraging teamwork.

Best Approach:

Email Appreciation and Memo:These are impersonal and might not effectively motivate the team.

Morning Shift Report Discussion:Useful for daily updates but less formal and might miss some members.

Ward Meeting Acknowledgment:Publicly recognizing individual contributions in a ward meeting is more personal and impactful. It allows team members to feel valued and appreciated in front of their peers, boosting morale and motivation.

References:

Journal of Nursing Management on Team Motivation

American Nurses Association (ANA) on Nurse Recognition and Rewards

Agnosia is the term used to describe a condition where a person is unable to recognize familiar objects, even though their sensory modalities (like vision or hearing) are intact. This can occur after a cerebrovascular accident (stroke) if the part of the brain responsible for processing sensory information is damaged. Apraxia refers to the inability to perform purposeful movements or tasks despite having the desire and physical ability to do so. Aphasia is a condition characterized by the inability to understand or express speech. Anopsia refers to a defect in the visual field.

Beta-Thalassemia Major and Splenectomy:

Patients with beta-thalassemia major often require frequent blood transfusions.

Splenectomy increases the risk of infections due to loss of the spleen’s immune function.

Priority Nursing Interventions:

Prevent Infections:The highest priority post-splenectomy due to the increased risk of sepsis and other infections.

High-Fat Intake, Frequent Voiding, Hydration:Important but secondary to infection prevention.

References:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines on post-splenectomy care

National Institutes of Health (NIH) on Thalassemia Management

Chronic Conditions and ADLs:

Older adults are more likely to suffer from chronic conditions such as arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes. These conditions can lead to some limitations in Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), which include tasks like bathing, dressing, eating, and walking.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic diseases are the leading cause of death and disability in the United States, and they significantly impact the quality of life of older adults.

Living Arrangements:

While many older adults do live independently or in home care settings, a significant number also live with chronic conditions that impact their ADLs, hence answer B is less accurate compared to A.

As per the Administration for Community Living (ACL), the majority of older adults do live independently; however, chronic conditions still play a significant role in their daily lives.

Labor Force Participation:

There is an increase in the percentage of older adults in the labor force, but this is not a primary characteristic affecting most older adults today.

Marital Status and Mortality:

Studies have shown that married individuals often have a lower mortality rate compared to unmarried individuals, making option D incorrect.

References:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Administration for Community Living (ACL)

Understanding Anion Gap:

The anion gap is a calculated value based on the concentrations of cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) in the blood, used to identify the causes of metabolic acidosis.

Normal and Abnormal Values:

Normal Anion Gap:Typically ranges from 8-12 mEq/L, though some sources consider 6-12 mEq/L as normal.

High Anion Gap (> 12):Indicates metabolic acidosis, often due to conditions like ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, or ingestion of toxins.

Low Anion Gap (< 8):Not typically associated with metabolic alkalosis; other conditions like hypoalbuminemia may cause it.

Clinical Relevance:

Anion gap helps clinicians determine the underlying cause of acid-base imbalances and guide appropriate treatment.

References:

American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC)

Mayo Clinic on Anion Gap

Soft Bulge in Vagina:

This symptom could indicate a pelvic organ prolapse, such as a uterine or bladder prolapse, which requires medical evaluation and treatment.

Immediate Action:

Referral to Doctor:Immediate referral is necessary for proper diagnosis and to plan appropriate treatment.

Diet and Reassurance:These are important but secondary actions after the initial medical assessment.

Kegel Exercises:While beneficial for pelvic floor strengthening, they are not the immediate action in response to a significant prolapse.

References:

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)

Mayo Clinic Guidelines on Pelvic Organ Prolapse

The initial supportive measure for parents who have just received a diagnosis of cerebral palsy for their child should be direct counseling. This involves providing clear, compassionate, and thorough information about the diagnosis, addressing their immediate concerns, and helping them understand what cerebral palsy means for their child's future. This step is crucial to help reduce their anxiety and tension. Encouraging reading, support groups, and home adjustments are important but secondary steps after initial counseling.