Free NAHP NRCMA Practice Exam with Questions & Answers

A critical illness resulting in thesudden cessation of kidney functionis known asrenal failure. Acute renal failure, or acute kidney injury, can occur suddenly and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. It requires immediate medical intervention to restore kidney function and maintain overall health.

Hyperglycemia refers to elevated levels of glucose in the blood, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus. It occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Symptoms of hyperglycemia include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. Chronic hyperglycemia can lead to serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, kidney failure, and retinopathy. Management of blood glucose levels is crucial for individuals with diabetes to prevent these complications.

In routine phlebotomy, the most commonly used needle gauge is20 or 21. This size is suitable for venipuncture as it allows for efficient blood flow without causing excessive trauma to the vein. Smaller gauges (like 25 or 26) are typically used for intradermal or subcutaneous injections, while larger gauges (like 18) are used for procedures requiring rapid infusion or blood donation.

Persons incapable of forming melanin are called albino. Albinism is a genetic condition characterized by a lack of melanin pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes, leading to very light skin and hair, and vision problems. The condition results from mutations in genes involved in the production of melanin.

References:

Genetics and Pathophysiology of Albinism by David C. Bennett and Dorothy C. Cooper

Clinical Dermatology by Thomas P. Habif

A diagnostic technique that detects regions of heat and cold in the body is called thermography. Thermography involves the use of infrared cameras to capture temperature variations on the surface of the body. This technique is useful for identifying areas of inflammation, abnormal blood flow, and other conditions that cause changes in skin temperature.

Tendons are strong, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones, enabling movement.They transmit the force generated by muscle contractions to the bones, allowing the skeleton to move. Tendons are composed mainly of collagen fibers, which give them strength and flexibility. Unlike ligaments, which connect bones to other bones, tendons connect muscles to bones. Common tendons include the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscles to the heel bone, and the patellar tendon, which connects the quadriceps muscle to the patella (kneecap).

Relapse refers to the return of symptoms or worsening of a condition after a period of improvement. It does not refer to systolic pressure. A relapse indicates that a disease or condition that was previously under control has become active again, which can happen in chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, cancer, or addiction.

References:

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary

A tray for a pelvic examination normally includes a vaginal speculum and lubricant. The speculum is a medical tool used to open the vaginal walls for visual inspection and access to the cervix during the examination. Lubricant is applied to the speculum to ease insertion and increase patient comfort. Other instruments that may be included depending on the specific examination or procedure are gloves, tenaculum, and hemostat forceps. Proper preparation of the examination tray ensures that the healthcare provider has all necessary tools readily available, facilitating a smooth and efficient examination process.

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell. It is essential for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. Mitosis consists of several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells. Unlike meiosis, which produces four genetically diverse gametes (sperm or egg cells), mitosis ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain, beneath the occipital lobes and behind the brainstem. It plays a crucial role in motor control, particularly in the coordination, precision, and timing of movements. The cerebellum integrates input from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain to fine-tune motor activity. It helps maintain balance and posture by coordinating the muscles used for these functions. Damage to the cerebellum can result in loss of coordination (ataxia), tremors, and difficulty with balance and gait.