Free IIC C11 Practice Exam with Questions & Answers

The coinsurance clause requires the insured to carry insurance equal to a specified percentage (commonly 80%, 90%, or 100%) of the property's value. If the insured carries less than the required amount, they become a coinsurer and share in any partial loss. This prevents underinsurance and encourages insureds to maintain adequate coverage levels.

Here, Deanna insures a $1,000,000 property for only $500,000—50%. If the policy requires 80% coinsurance, she should be carrying at least $800,000. Because she does not, she will not be fully reimbursed for partial losses; her payment will be reduced proportionally based on the coinsurance formula.

Option A (forfeiture) applies to breaches of policy conditions. Option C (contribution) applies when multiple insurers cover the same risk. Option D (subscription) applies when several insurers share a single risk by percentage participation.

Thus, the clause that could reduce Deanna’s recovery is B: Coinsurance.

OSFI regulates federally incorporated insurers to ensure they remain solvent and financially stable so they can pay claims. One of the key regulatory tools is restricting or monitoring insurers’ investment portfolios. By controlling the types of investments insurers may purchase, OSFI aims to reduce exposure to excessive investment risks, ensuring that insurers do not jeopardize policyholder funds through speculative or volatile investments.

Option A is incorrect—OSFI’s mandate is consumer protection, not profit maximization.

Option B is incorrect because indemnification amounts depend on claims, not investment rules.

Option C is incorrect—while returns are important, OSFI’s priority is safety, not maximizing yield.

Thus, the correct purpose is D: minimizing insurers' investment loss exposures to protect policyholders and maintain financial stability.

Pollution exposures—especially from oil refinery operations—arehigh-severity, high-complexity risks. Standard property and liability policiestypically exclude pollution, except for sudden and accidental events. Pollution arising from new drilling methods is considered aspecialized environmental liabilityand often requirescustomized financial transfer mechanisms.

Anon-insurance loss-financing transfer agreement(also called a contractual risk transfer or financial risk transfer mechanism) allows the company to shift the financial consequences of pollution losses to another entity or through non-traditional insurance structures (e.g., environmental impairment liability contracts, captive agreements, or specialized financial instruments). This is the most appropriate and realistic way to transfer complex pollution exposures.

Option A (retain the risk) is unsafe due to catastrophic loss potential.

Option B (surety bond) guarantees performance, not pollution losses.

Option D is incorrect because standard policiesdo not coverthis exposure.

Thus the best option isC.

Prescription refers to the legally defined period during which an insured is permitted to initiate legal action to enforce a claim under the insurance contract. Once the prescriptive period expires, the insured loses the legal right to pursue the claim, even if the claim itself is otherwise valid. This protects insurers from indefinite liability and encourages timely reporting and settlement of claims.

A waiver is the voluntary relinquishment of a known right. A release is a document signed by the insured surrendering further claims, usually after settlement. A non-waiver agreement preserves the insurer’s right to investigate a claim without admitting liability. None of these terms relate to the legal time limit for bringing an action. Therefore, the correct term describing the time frame for commencing legal proceedings is prescription.

A contract becomes voidable when one party is induced to enter it through fraudulent misrepresentation. Fraudulent misrepresentation occurs when a party knowingly makes a false statement, intending to mislead the other party, and the misled party relies on that statement when entering the contract. In this scenario, the seller knew the house had termites but intentionally misrepresented the truth when questioned by Karl. This is a deliberate falsehood, fulfilling all elements of fraud: false representation, knowledge of falsity, intent to induce reliance, actual reliance, and resulting detriment.

Undue influence involves pressure or dominance, which is not present. A mistake about assumptions only applies when both parties are mistaken in good faith about a fundamental fact—here the seller acted deliberately. Innocent misrepresentation involves an unintentional error, but the scenario explicitly describes intentional deception. Thus, the correct legal classification is fraudulent misrepresentation.

AGuaranteed Replacement Cost (GRC)clause is a special provision in homeowners’ insurance that ensures the insurer will pay thefull cost to rebuild or repairthe dwellingeven if the loss exceeds the stated policy limit, provided all policy conditions are met (such as insuring to value and notifying the insurer of changes to the building).

This clause protects homeowners from unexpected increases in construction costs due to inflation, labour shortages, or material price spikes. The insurer guarantees complete reconstruction of the home, not merely up to policy limits.

Option A is not a recognized policy clause.

Option B (total replacement cost clause) is not the standard industry term.

Option C (pure restitution clause) does not exist in homeowners insurance terminology.

The only accurate clause that obligates the insurer to pay above policy limits is theGuaranteed Replacement Cost clause.

In determining liability, the immediate (proximate) cause refers to the most direct, unbroken cause leading to the injury. In this sequence, the firecracker explodes in Celina’s hands immediately after she receives it from Sandra. Although Antonio initiated the chain of events and Brett contributed, their actions are more remote.

The last voluntary act that directly placed the dangerous object in the position where it caused harm was Sandra’s throw to Celina. Sandra’s action is therefore the immediate cause, even though earlier individuals may share legal responsibility in a broader causation analysis.

Option D is incorrect because Celina did not cause her own injury; she merely received the firecracker.

Option C includes Antonio and Brett, but neither was the final actor in the chain.

Therefore, the immediate cause of loss is B: Sandra.

When an organization chooses to handle losses throughborrowing, it is using debt financing—usually a bank loan or line of credit—to pay for losses instead of transferring the risk through insurance. While this may offer flexibility, it has several drawbacks. The most significant is that borrowingreduces the company’s available line of credit, limiting funds that could otherwise be used for operations, expansion, or emergencies.

This reduction in liquidity can create financial strain, especially if multiple losses occur or if interest rates rise. Borrowing also increases debt obligations, which can affect cash flow and borrowing capacity.

Option A is incorrect; special accounting is not necessarily required beyond standard debt tracking.

Option C is not inherently a disadvantage—senior management involvement is routine in risk management.

Option D is incorrect; the difficulty of borrowing is determined by creditworthiness, not by the presence of assets.

Thus,Bis the correct disadvantage.

Asurety bondis a three-party contract in which the surety guarantees the performance of a contractor (principal) for the benefit of a third party (obligee). In construction, a developer may require a contractor to post aperformance bondensuring the project will be completed as agreed. This is the classic example of suretyship.

Option A is banking, not surety.

Option B is liability insurance, not a three-party guarantee.

Option D involves marine or cargo insurance, not a performance guarantee.

Thus,Ccorrectly describes a surety situation.

Under contract law principles referenced inPrinciples and Practice of Insurance, a contract is only valid when both parties givefree, informed, and genuine consent. Fraud occurs when one party intentionally misleads another through deception, false representation, or concealment to induce consent. In this scenario, John intentionally misrepresented the nature of the accommodation—promising his private residence while intending to place Louise in a different, inferior property.

Because Louise agreed based on amaterial misrepresentation, the contract is voidable due tofraud, meaning she can invoke nullity and have the contract deemed without effect. Fraud differs from error in that the misinformation wasdeliberatelycreated by John. It is not lesion (which relates to unfair disadvantage in value) nor violence (which involves physical or psychological coercion). Therefore, the correct answer isB. Fraud.