Your Path to Success: How to Pass the iSQI CTFL_Syll2018 ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (Syllabus 2018) Exam

Agile development can be classified as an iterative incremental life cycle model, where each iteration delivers a working product increment that can be evaluated by stakeholders and users. describes this as follows:

Iterative Incremental Development Model is a process where creating requirements, designing, building and testing a system in small parts. This model divided into small parts which will help to make modules very easily.In this model, module passes through some phases like requirements, coding, designing, testing.

Agile Model mostly recommended to use for current software development industries because it is very realistic approach to develop any kind of software.It follows iterative approach which means whole project divided into small iterations or modules.

Agile development is not related to any life cycle model (A), RAD (B), or V model ©.

The predicted number of defects and the amount of rework required is the most likely factor to impact the amount of testing effort required, because it affects the quality and stability of the software under test1 . Testing effort can increase if there are many defects in the software that need to be detected, reported, fixed, and re-tested1 . The other options are not likely to impact the amount of testing effort required directly. Option B is related to the size and composition of the project team, but it does not determine how much testing effort is needed for the software itself1 . Option C is related to the use of a project management tool to schedule tasks, but it does not affect how much testing effort is needed for each task1 . Option D is related to the responsibilities for testers and developers being clearly defined, but it does not influence how much testing effort is needed for their respective tasks1 .

The statement that environmental conditions only affect the hardware - not the software is not a good explanation why software failures can be caused by environmental conditions. Environmental conditions can affect both the hardware and the software, as they can influence the performance, reliability, and functionality of the system. For example, factors like magnetism, radiation, pollution, heat, humidity, vibration, etc. can affect electronic devices and the embedded software that runs on them. Software failures caused by environmental conditions can have serious consequences, especially for safety-critical systems. References: Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus, Section 1.2.2

Less than 0, 1 to 80, more than 80 is a valid collection of equivalence classes for the following problem: “An Integer numeric field shall contain values from 1 to 80 both values inclusive”. Equivalence partitioning is a technique to divide the input domain into partitions that are expected to behave similarly or produce the same output. Each partition should have at least one representative value as a test case2 explains equivalence partitioning as follows:

Equivalence Partitioning (or Equivalence Class Partitioning) is an software testing technique that divides the input data of a software unit into partitions of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. In principle, test cases are designed to cover each partition at least once.

The fundamental concept of Equivalence Partitioning is that you can find more errors in a test case by using a representative value from an equivalence class than by using any other value from the class.

The input domain for this problem can be divided into three partitions: less than 0, 1 to 80, and more than 80. The first and the last partitions are invalid, as they are outside the range of acceptable values for this field. The middle partition is valid, as it is within the range of acceptable values for this field.

A, C, and D are incorrect answers. A does not include 0 as an invalid partition. C does not include 0 as an invalid partition. D does not include 80 as a valid partition.

A key difference between black box and white box test design techniques is that white box techniques can measure the extent of code coverage, while black box techniques cannot. Code coverage is a measure of how much of the code of a system or component has been executed by a test or a set of tests. White box techniques use software code to derive test cases that cover specific aspects of the code, such as statements, branches, paths, or data flows. White box techniques can use tools or methods to measure the code coverage achieved by the test cases and identify any gaps or redundancies. Black box techniques use functional design specifications to derive test cases that cover specific aspects of the functionality, behavior, or quality of the system or component, such as inputs, outputs, equivalence classes, boundary values, states, transitions, etc. Black box techniques do not use or access the code of the system or component, and therefore cannot measure the code coverage.

References: Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus, Section 4.3 and 4.4

 The level of risk is determined by multiplying the impact of an adverse event by the likelihood of that event occurring1 . The impact of an adverse event is the degree of harm or loss that would result from the event, such as financial loss, reputation damage, legal consequences, or safety hazards1 . The likelihood of an adverse event is the probability or frequency of the event happening, based on historical data, expert judgement, or statistical analysis1 . The other options are not correct formulas for calculating risk. Option A confuses the cost of preventing an adverse event with its impact. Option B confuses the cost of possible legal action with its likelihood. Option D uses two synonyms for likelihood (probability and frequency) instead of combining it with impact.

It describes how test cases are derived from a use case. A use case is a description of a set of sequences of actions, including variants, that a system performs to yield an observable result of value to an actor1. An actor can be a human user or another system. Test cases are designed to cover various user behaviors, including basic, exceptional or alternative and error behaviors associated with each use case1. Option A is incorrect, as test cases derived from a use case are not based on non-functional requirements such as usability, but on functional requirements that describe what the system does1. Option C is incorrect, as test cases derived from a use case are not created using white-box test techniques, but using black-box test techniques that focus on the inputs and outputs of the system1. Option D is incorrect, as test cases derived from a use case are not based on pair testing, which is a technique that involves two testers working together to find defects1. References: 1, Section 4.2.4

The Test Analysis and Design activity of the test process is the activity where test conditions and test cases are identified and specified based on the test objectives and criteria. The Test Analysis and Design activity also involves identifying and preparing the necessary test data and test environment to support the test execution. Some of the tasks of the Test Analysis and Design activity are:

• Reviewing the test basis: This task involves reviewing the requirements, specifications, design documents, or other sources of information that form the basis for testing.
• Identifying test conditions: This task involves identifying what needs to be tested based on the test basis and objectives.
• Designing and prioritizing test cases: This task involves designing specific scenarios or steps to verify each test condition and assigning priorities to them based on their importance or risk level.
• Identifying necessary test data to support the test conditions and test cases: This task involves identifying what data is needed to execute each test case and how to obtain or generate it.
• Identifying and preparing the test environment: This task involves identifying what hardware, software, network, data, tools, etc., are needed to execute the test cases and how to set up and maintain them.

Measuring the percentage of prepared test cases with what was actually prepared is not a task of the Test Analysis and Design activity because it does not involve identifying or specifying anything related to testing. Rather, it is a task of the Test Monitoring and Control activity, which involves measuring and reporting the progress and status of testing against the planned activities and criteria. You can find more information about the Test Analysis and Design activity in A Study Guide to the ISTQB® Foundation Level 2018 Syllabus, Chapter 31.

The V-model is a development life cycle model that shows the relationship between each phase of development and its corresponding phase of testing. In this model, each level of testing (unit testing, integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing) has a corresponding level of development (component design, component integration, system design, requirements analysis). The model also shows that testing activities should start as early as possible in the development process and that each level of testing should be planned and designed in parallel with its corresponding level of development. Therefore, one of the roles of a tester in a software company that adopts the V-model is to coordinate the test strategy with the project managers who are responsible for planning and managing each phase of development. This role involves defining the scope, objectives, approach, resources, schedule, risks, and deliverables of each level of testing in alignment with the development plan and the project requirements. You can find more information about the V-model and test planning in Software Testing Foundations: A Study Guide for the Certified Tester Exam, Chapter 22.

The extent of testing required for a software product or feature depends on several factors that influence the level of quality and risk involved in delivering or deploying it. Some of these factors are:

• Budget to do testing: This factor indicates how much money is available or allocated for conducting the test activities, which affects the scope, depth, duration, and resources of testing.
• Time available to do testing: This factor indicates how much time is available or allocated for conducting the test activities, which affects the schedule, frequency, speed, and coverage of testing.
• Level of risk of the product or feature: This factor indicates how much impact or harm a failure or defect in the product or feature can cause to the users, customers, stakeholders, or environment, which affects the priority, intensity, complexity, and rigor of testing.
• Complexity of the product or feature: This factor indicates how difficult or challenging it is to understand, design, implement, or maintain the product or feature, which affects the effort, skill, technique, and tool required for testing.

A particular tester involved in testing is not a deciding factor in determining the extent of testing required because it does not affect the quality or risk level of the product or feature being tested. Rather, it is an outcome or consequence of deciding how much testing is needed based on other factors such as budget, time, risk, and complexity. You can find more information about determining the extent of testing in Software Testing Foundations: A Study Guide for the Certified Tester Exam, Chapter 2, Section 2.12.