Top Tips for Passing the LPI 010-160 Exam on Your First Try

 A shell script is a file that contains a series of commands that can be executed by a shell interpreter. To execute a shell script, there are two main methods:

• Method 1: Specify the path to the script file. This method requires that the script file has the execute permission, which can be granted by using the chmod command. The script file also needs to have a shebang line at the beginning, which indicates which interpreter to use for the script. For example, #!/bin/bash means to use the bash interpreter. To execute the script using this method, you can type the absolute path or the relative path to the script file. If you are in the same directory as the script file, you can use the ./ prefix to indicate the current directory. For example, ./test.sh will execute the test.sh script in the current directory.
• Method 2: Pass the script file as an argument to the interpreter. This method does not require the execute permission or the shebang line for the script file. You can simply use the name of the interpreter followed by the script file name as an argument. For example, bash test.sh will execute the test.sh script using the bash interpreter.

Therefore, the correct answers are D and E. A. run test.sh is incorrect because run is not a valid command in Linux. B. ${test.sh} is incorrect because this syntax is used for variable expansion, not for executing a script. C. cmd ./test.sh is incorrect because cmd is not a valid command in Linux. References:

• Linux Essentials Topic 105: The Power of the Command Line, section 105.3: Basic shell scripting.
• How to Run a Shell Script in Linux [Essentials Explained] - It’s FOSS
• How To Execute a Command with a Shell Script in Linux | DigitalOcean
• How To Run the .sh File Shell Script In Linux / UNIX

A free software license is a notice that grants the recipient of a piece of software extensive rights to modify and redistribute that software. These actions are usually prohibited by copyright law, but the rights-holder (usually the author) of a piece of software can remove these restrictions by accompanying the software with a software license which grants the recipient these rights. Software using such a license is free software (or free and open-source software) as conferred by the copyright holder. Free software licenses grant users the freedom to use it for any purpose, study and change the source code and copy and redistribute the software with or without modifications. Free software must come with source code or provide access to it, while the freedom to redistribute includes the right to give away copies gratis as well as sell copies1 References: 1: Free-software license - Wikipedia

The command that displays manual pages for Linux commands is the man command. The man command is used to display the manual pages for a given command or topic. For example, to view the manual page for the ls command, you can type:

man ls

This will open the manual page for the ls command in a pager, which allows you to scroll and search through the text. You can also specify the section number of the manual page if there are multiple pages with the same name. For example, to view the manual page for the passwd command in section 1, you can type:

man 1 passwd

The man command is one of the most useful and important commands for learning and using Linux. It provides detailed information about the syntax, options, arguments, examples, and other aspects of a command or topic. You can also use the --help option to get a brief summary of the usage and options of a command. For example, to get a quick help for the man command, you can type:

man --help

To learn more about the man command and how to use it effectively, you can refer to the following resources:

• Linux Essentials Exam Objectives, Version 1.6, Topic 103.1, Weight 2
• Linux Essentials Certification Guide, Chapter 3, Page 51-52
• How to Access Manual Pages for Linux Commands - Linux Tutorials - Learn Linux Configuration
• How to Easily Read a Linux Man Page - Make Tech Easier

The ls command is used to list the files and directories in a given path. By default, the ls command displays only the file names, without any additional information. However, the ls command can also take various options to modify its output. For example, the -l option tells ls to display the long format, which includes the file permissions, owner, group, size, date, and name. The -h option tells ls to display the file sizes in a human-readable format, such as KB, MB, GB, etc. The -a option tells ls to display all files, including thehidden ones that start with a dot (.). The -n option tells ls to display the numeric user ID and group ID instead of the user name and group name. Therefore, the only option that does not add any additional information to the file names is the -a option. The command ls -a will display all the file names in the current directory, including the hidden ones, but nothing else. References:

• Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI), section 2.1.1
• 2.1 Lesson 1 - Linux Professional Institute Certification Programs, slide 6.

 A private web browser window is a mode of browsing that prevents the browser from saving your browsing history, cookies, and other site data, or information entered in forms. However, it does not prevent websites, your employer or school, or your internet service provider from tracking your online activity. The main differences between a private web browser window and a regular web browser window are:

• Private web browser windows do not store cookies persistently. Cookies are small files that websites use to store information on your device, such as your preferences, login status, or tracking data. In a regular web browser window, cookies are stored until they expire or you delete them. In a private web browser window, cookies are deleted when you close all private windows.
• Private web browser windows do not keep records in the browser history. The browser history is a list of web pages that you have visited in the past. In a regular web browser window, the browser history is saved and can be accessed by anyone who uses the same device or profile. In a private web browser window, the browser history is not saved and cannot be viewed by anyone.
• Private web browser windows do not send regular stored cookies. When you visit a website in a regular web browser window, the browser sends any cookies that are stored for that website. This allows the website to recognize you and provide personalized content or services. When you visit a website in a private web browser window, the browser does not send any cookies that are stored in regular windows. This prevents the website from identifying you or linking your activity across different sessions.

References: Browse in private - Computer - Google Chrome Help, Browse InPrivate in Microsoft Edge - Microsoft Support, Private Browsing: What Is It and How to Use It | Edge Learning Center

A Linux distribution is a collection of software that is based on the Linux kernel and can be installed on a computer or a device to create a functional operating system. A Linux distribution typically includes the Linux kernel, a set of system utilities and libraries, a graphical user interface (GUI), a package manager, and various applications and services. A Linux distribution may also include additional software or features that are specific to the distribution’s goals, target audience, or philosophy. For example, some Linux distributions are designed for desktop users, while others are optimized for servers, embedded systems, or security. Some Linux distributions are based on other Linux distributions, while others are developed independently. Some Linux distributions are free and open source, while others are proprietary or commercial. Some Linux distributions are popular and widely used, while others are niche or experimental. Some examples of Linux distributions are Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian, Mint, Arch, and Red Hat. References:

• Linux Essentials Topic 101: System Architecture, section 101.1: Determine and configure hardware settings.
• Linux Essentials Topic 102: Linux Installation and Package Management, section 102.1: Design hard disk layout.
• Linux Essentials Topic 103: GNU and Unix Commands, section 103.1: Work on the command line.
• Linux Essentials Topic 104: The Linux Operating System, section 104.1: Boot the system.
• Linux Essentials Topic 105: The Power of the Command Line, section 105.1: Use text streams and filters.
• Linux Essentials Topic 106: Security and File Permissions, section 106.3: Modify file and directory permissions.
• What is a Linux distribution? - Linux.com
• Linux distribution - Wikipedia
• Best Linux Distributions For Everyone in 2023 - It’s FOSS

The host command is used to resolve a DNS name to an IP address or vice versa. It can also perform other DNS queries, such as finding the mail servers for a domain. The host command has the following syntax: host [options] [name] [server]. The name argument can be a hostname, such as www.lpi.org, or an IP address, such as 192.168.0.1. The server argument is optional and specifies the name or IP address of the DNS server to query. If no server is given, the default system resolver is used.  References:

• Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Objectives: 1.4.1. Demonstrate an understanding of the purpose and types of DNS records1
• Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Study Resources: Linux Essentials Manual - Chapter 10. Network Fundamentals - 10.3. DNS and Hostname Resolution - 10.3.1. The host Command2
• Linux Essentials Version 1.6 Exam Study Resources: Linux Essentials Manual - Appendix A. Answers to the Exercises - Chapter 10. Network Fundamentals - 10.3. DNS and Hostname Resolution - Exercise 10.3.12

A symbolic link, also known as a symlink or soft link, is a special type of file that points to another file or directory by its name. A symbolic link can point to a file or directory on the same or different file system, as long as the target is accessible. For example, you can create a symbolic link to a file on a USB drive or a network share, as long as the device is mounted or the connection is established. However, if the target of the symbolic link is moved, renamed, or deleted, the link becomes broken and does not work. To create a symbolic link, you can use the ln command with the -s or --symbolic option, followed by the target name and the link name. For example, ln -s /mnt/usb/file.txt link.txt creates a symbolic link named link.txt that points to the file.txt on the USB drive mounted at /mnt/usb.

The other options are not true about links in a Linux file system. A symbolic link can point to a directory as well as a file. A hard link, which is a direct reference to the same data as another file, can only point to a file and not a directory. A hard link cannot span across different file systems, because it depends on the inode number, which is unique within a file system. When the target of the symbolic link is moved, the link is not automatically updated, but becomes broken. Any user can create hard links, as long as they have the permission to read and write the target file and the link directory.

References:

• Linux Essentials - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)
• Ln Command in Linux (Create Symbolic Links) | Linuxize

The Raspberry Pi uses an SD card (or microSD card for newer models) as its main storage device. This means that the operating system and any other files are stored on the SD card, which can be easily inserted or removed from the Raspberry Pi. The SD card also allows the user to switch between different operating systems by using different cards or partitions. The Raspberry Pi does not have any internal storage, such as a hard disk drive or a solid state drive, nor does it use any external devices, such as an IDE bus, a firmware partition, or a GPIO module, to store the operating system. References:

• Raspberry Pi OS – Raspberry Pi
• Choosing Storage for Raspberry Pi - Kingston Technology
• Beginner’s Guide: How To Install a New OS on Raspberry Pi

The passwd command in Linux is used to change the password of a user account. A normal user can run passwd to change their own password, and a system administrator (the superuser) can use passwd to change another user’s password, or define how that account’s password can beused or changed1. The passwd command can also be used to lock or unlock a user account. Locking a user account means disabling the user’s ability to log in to the system, while unlocking a user account means restoring the user’s ability to log in. To lock a user account, the passwd command can be used with the -l option, followed by the username. To unlock a user account, the passwd command can be used with the -u option, followed by the username12. The passwd command cannot be used to change a user’s username, create a new user account, or create a new user group. These tasks require different commands, such as usermod, useradd, orgroupadd345. References: 1: Linux Passwd Command Help and Examples 2: Passwd command in Linux: 8 Practical Examples 3: usermod(8) - Linux man page 4: useradd(8) - Linux man page 5: groupadd(8) - Linux man page